Medicine
Main Effect Of The Propagation Of Ultrasonic Waves In Human Tissues The most obvious effect is heating. Since a significant portion of the energy is absorbed and converted into heat during ultrasound propagation, this could potentially lead to a temperature increase....
Medicine
Ultrasonic Communications in Human Tissues Fundamentals of UltrasoundWaves Ultrasounds are mechanical pressure waves with a frequency above the upper limit of human hearing, i.e., 20 kHz. Ultrasounds consist of mechanical vibrations of particles in a material. Even if...
data mining, Medicine
Spiking Model In Vivo Neurophysiology The animals employed for neurophysiological recording were adult, male Long-Evans rats acquired at 4 months of age. The animal protocols used were approved by the University of Kansas Medical Center Institutional Animal Care and...
data mining, Medicine
Noise in MEA recordings In addition to inherent noise coming from the source, i.e. the neuron, as previously described, there are several other sources of additive noise in an extracellular recording coming from the biological interface, the electrode interface and...
data mining, Medicine
Extracellular Recordings In Neuron Most extracellular recording experiments follow the same general process to collect multiunit activity and identify individual neurons in the environment, albeit employing different methodologies for each step in the process, as...
data mining, Medicine
Extracellular Activity In Neuron Neurons are composed of three components: soma, axon, and dendrites. As in any cell, the soma or cell body is responsible for metabolic function, but in neurons it is further specialized to maintain high levels of biosynthetic...
data mining, Medicine
Neuron Model The brain is a network of billions of neurons , which makes the brain orders of magnitude more dense than state-of-the-art silicon-based VLSI electronic systems and thus challenging to map and study with conventional methods . Furthermore, it is estimated...
Computer, data mining, database of image, image processing, Medicine
Accelerating Parallel Image Reconstruction Using Random Projection Prologue Random projection has been used for data dimension reduction . The concept of random projection is related to compressed sensing , a topic that has attracted many attentions recently. By...
Computer, data mining, database of image, image processing, Medicine
Compressed Sensing MRI Parallel imaging has led to revolutionary progress in the field of rapid MRI in the past two decades. However, as discussed in the previous section, the maximum acceleration that can be achieved in parallel imaging is limited by the number and...
Computer, data mining, database of image, image processing, Medicine
The Need for Speed in MRI MR imaging speed is of critical importance in many clinical applications. However, the imaging speed with which gradient-encoded MR images can be acquired is fundamentally limited by the sequential nature of gradient-based MR acquisitions, in...
Computer, data mining, database of image, image processing, Medicine
MR Image Reconstruction As shown in Eq. (2.11), MR signal from a two-dimensional plane is a spatial integration of the spin density against the sinusoidal spatial modulation generated by encoding gradients. In other words, the MR signal comprises projections of the...
Computer, data mining, database of image, Medicine
Spatial Encoding and k-Space Formalism Following slice selection, the in-plane spatial information now can be further encoded with two additional gradients, known as frequency-encoding and phase-encoding gradients. In 2D imaging, the received MRI signal can be...
Computer, data mining, database of image, image processing, Medicine
MRI Signal NMR Phenomenon The physical phenomenon behind MRI is nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which was first discovered in the 1940s. An atomic nucleus with an odd number of protons possesses an angular momentum J called spin, which generates a tiny magnetic...
Computer, data mining, database of image, image processing, Medicine
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive and powerful imaging modality, with a broad range of applications in both clinical diagnosis and basic scientific research. Comparing to other medical imaging modalities, MRI does not use...
Computer, data mining, Medicine
Background Information of Parkinson’s Disease James Parkinson described Parkinson’s Disease as a mental disorder that forces body parts into involuntary tremors . According to Lorraine V. Kalia and Anthony E. Lang, the leading cause for developing PD is death of...
data mining, Medicine
introduction to Parkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects the basic motor functions of the body. In a paper published by A. J. Lees, J. Hardy, and T. Revesz, it was found that there are estimated ten million patients of...
Medicine
Stereolithography (SLA) Fundamentals SLA 3D printing remains a prominent tool to fabricate complex structures for rapid prototyping and manufacturing, decades past its invention in 1983. However, extension to cytocompatible hydrogel biomaterials for regenerative...
Medicine
Three-Dimensional Printing 3D printing is a promising technology for regenerative medicine because it allows customized structures to be fabricated ranging from acellular bone-tissue scaffolding to cellladen vascularized hydrogels. To fabricate structures, this...
Computer, data mining, database of image, image processing, Medicine
Practical Considerations in Computational Sensing Computational sensing as a eld is continuing to grow at a rapid pace. The number of journal publications related to computational sensing has steadily increased every year since 2008 . There is now a major Optical...
Medicine
Regenerative medicine The use of human-derived stem cells to treat diseases and injuries ranging from arthritis to paralysis has the potential to revolutionize the medical field. Personalized medical treatments are advantageous because they allow drugs to be...
Computer, data mining, database of image, image processing, Medicine
Indirect Imaging While Golay, Fennimore, and others were leveraging multiplexing to eliminate trade offs in traditional sensors, an entirely disparate group of researchers were working on imaging techniques for which there was no isomorphic analog. In these cases the...
Computer, data mining, database of image, image processing, Medicine
Efficient Cell Segmentation and Tracking of Developing Plant Meristem Introduction Proper understanding of the causal relationship between cell growth patterns and gene expression dynamics is one of the major topics of interest in developmental biology. Information...
Communication, data mining, Medicine
Severity Of Low Back Disorfers In The Roofing Industry Low back disorders (LBDs) are one type of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), which refers to a group of painful disorders of soft tissues developed usually over from highly physical tasks. WMSDs...
Medicine
introduction Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of signicant vision loss and blindness through- out the world. The disease is characteristically dened as a chronic optic neu- ropathy that results in the loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons (i.e. the...
Medicine
Proton Resonance Frequency Shift (PRFS) thermometry This technique exploits the observation that the resonant frequency of protons in changes linearly with temperature across a clinically-relevant temperature range. The application of heat increases the kinetic...
Medicine
T1 Relaxation Thermometry T1 relaxation refers to the recovery of the longitudinal magnetization. The physical process underpinning T1 recovery involves energy dissipation from the excited spins into the surrounding tissue lattice through interactions with the...
Medicine
Review of Magnetic Resonance Thermometry (MRT) A variety of mechanisms for the non-invasive real-time monitoring of tissue temperatures in vivo have been proposed. One method is the method of microwave radiometry. All objects emit ntural electromagnetic energy whose...
Medicine
Review of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) The hydrogen atom has a nucleus consisting of only a single proton. Because of this it exhibits a relatively large magnetic moment. Hydrogen is also plentiful throughout the body due to its presence in every water molecule...
Computer, Medicine
Benders’ algorithm applied to the sector duration and isocenter optimization problem We describe two different Benders’-type algorithms to effciently solve SDIO. We start by showing that SDIO can be decomposed into an integer master problem and a linear...
Medicine
Benders’ decomposition Classical Benders’ algorithm has been applied to many areas including network design, integrated aircraft routing and crew scheduling, and production management. Originally conceived by J. F. Benders in 1962, Benders’...
Medicine
Tactical operating room planning and scheduling One strategy for cost containment in activities surrounding the operating room (OR) is effcient utilization of OR resources through scheduling optimization. As OR-related costs contribute, on average, 8-10 percent of a...
Medicine
Stereotactic radiosurgery Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a non-invasive alternative to surgery for various types of head and neck disease, including cancer. As opposed to stereotactic radiotherapy, in which smaller doses of radiation are given over a large number...
Medicine
Beta-decay In a typical beta decay, a radioactive nuclide emits a beta particle when a neutron/proton transforms into a proton/neutron emitting a beta particle in the process, which could either be an electron or a positron. Beta particles are fast electrons...
data mining, Medicine
introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, commonly referred to as COPD, is a debilitating respiratory condition characterized by the presence of emphysema and chronic bronchitis . Like other chronic diseases, COPD usually takes time to develop. Of the 24...
Medicine
Beta-decay In a typical beta decay, a radioactive nuclide emits a beta particle (an electron or positron) when a neutron/proton transforms into a proton/neutron (Beta minus, β−, decay/ Beta plus, β+, decay). This means that the atomic number of a parent nuclide will...
Medicine
Radiotracer Radiotracers (radiopharmaceuticals) are combinations of a drug or a biologically active compound which acts as a vehicle for targeted delivery and a radioisotope for localization purposes. The use of radiotracers in nuclear imaging is a non-invasive method...
Medicine
Bone microarchitecture and structure in patients with AS Previous studies on bone microarchitecture and structure in patients with AS Not much is known about the microarchitecture of bone in AS. In 1992, Devogelaer and colleagues studied 10 patients with AS by using...
Medicine
Bone imaging Newer bone imaging techniques With the advances in medical imaging, it is now possible to determine bone microarchitecture and strength in a precise manner (Table 6 and 7). The novel technique called HRpQCT is now being widely used for studying bone...
Medicine
Diagnosis of bone loss in AS Use of DXA in AS Currently there is no accurate measure of overall bone strength. BMD measured by DXA is utilized as a surrogate measure of bone strength. However, osteoporosis is characterized by compromised bone strength and high...
Medicine
Bone structure Bone tissue is composed of bone cells such as osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes (Clarke 2008). The osteocytes are differentiated osteoblasts. The bone cells are embedded in an osteoid matrix, which has mineral and fibrous components. The fibrous...
