Artificial Neural Network Design and Implementation
Neural network structure and model In this work, a multi-layer feed-forward neural network (FFNN) is proposed as shown in Figures 3.1 and 3.2. The Levenberg-Marquardt Back Propagation (LMBP) method is selected for training the ANN network to increase convergence...Rotary optical encoders
Rotary optical encoders optical encoders Encoder is defined as an electromechanical device that measures motion or position. Encoders typically use optical sensors to generate electrical pulse train signals which are converted to position, motion, or direction ....Measurement Devices
Voltage and Current Sensors The bus connectors are connected to the voltage and current sensors which are designed for measuring all currents and voltages in the power grid. The voltage and current sensors are electronic transducers which are installed on the designed...Cascading Failures
Cascading Failures Introduction The complex structure and wide interconnections of power grids make them vulnerable to disturbances such as faults, loss of transmission lines (TLs), etc. This complexity makes the control strategies more sophisticated and costly in...
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